Matthew 19 – Shortcode

1. And it happened that when Jesus finished these words, He departed from Galilee and went to the region of Judea beyond the Jordan.
2. And many crowds followed Him, and He healed them there.

Marriage and Separation

3. And some Pharisees approached Him, testing Him and saying: “Is it lawful for a man to divorce^fn“divorce” is literally “send away”, which was the final step in the Jewish divorce procedure in Deuteronomy 24:1. his wife for every^fn“every” is literal, though many translations mistranslate it “any” here.  Whether divorce was allowed wasn’t in dispute because God gave the procedure for it in Deuteronomy 24:1. During Jesus day, there was a great debate between the rabbinic schools of Shammai and Hillel on what was an acceptable reason for a divorce .  The Hebrew divorce procedure in Deuteronomy 24:1 includes this preamble: “When a man takes a wife and marries her, and she doesn’t find favor in his eyes because he finds some indecency in her…“.  The school of Shammai took the “indecency” part to mean there must be some kind of sexual indiscretion or lewd exposure before a man could divorce her.  Conversely, Hillel’s school focused on the “not finding favor” part.  They said anything the man didn’t like – even burning his dinner – could be grounds for divorce.  Essentially, Hillel’s school said a man could divorce his wife for “every accusation”.  This was one of the two great debates centering on divorce at that time. accusation?”^fn“accusation” The Greek word here is often used in the judicial sense of an accusation of a crime, and the same word is used in verse 10.
4. And answering, He said: “Didn’t you read that from the beginning, the One who created them made them male and female?^fnQuotation/allusion to Genesis 1:26-27
5. “And He said: For this reason, a man will leave his father and mother, and will be joined to his wife, and the two will be^fn Most translations use the word “become” here, but the Greek word for “become” isn’t in this passage despite Matthew using it with great latitude elsewhere.  In this verse, it’s simply the Greek word that means is/are/am/be/being/etc. in one flesh,^fnQuotation allusion to Genesis 2:24.  Jesus appears to be talking solely about a physical union here (not a spiritual one). Paul makes this clearer in 1 Corinthians 6:16, where the Genesis 2:24 is also applied to sex with prostitutes.
6. “so they’re no longer two, but one flesh.  Therefore, what God yoked together,^fn“yoked together” is literal.  A “yoke” is a contoured wooden beam used to join two beast of burden (cows, oxen, etc.) together so they can pull a heavy load together. man must not separate.^fn“separate” the Greek word here literally means to depart, vacate, or “create space”, or to “place room between” (Strong’s).  See note on “send away” in verse 3. Paul uses this word in 1 Corinthians 7 in the section on divorce, but it’s not translated divorce there.  There, it’s typically translated “leave” instead.
7. They say to Him: “So why did Moses command to give her a certificate of divorce and to send her away?”^fnquotation/allusion to Deuteronomy 24:1, which lists the three things a man must do to divorce his wife. The final two parts of the divorce procedure were to give the wife a certificate of divorce and send her away from his house.  See note on verse 3.
8. He tells them: “Moses allowed you to send away^fn“send away” is literal here, though it’s typically translated “divorce” in this verse, though almost never in the previous verse.  The same word is used of Jesus “sending away” crowds and Pilate “sending away” (releasing) Barabbas.  Paul uses a different Greek word when talking about divorce in 1 Corinthians.  Please see the footnote following “without a certificate of divorce” in verse 9. your wives with a certificate of divorce because of your hardness of heart, but from the beginning it hasn’t happened this way.
9. “But I tell you that whoever sends away^fn“sends away” is literal here, please see the note on “send away” in verse 8. his wife without a certificate of divorce^fn“without a certificate of divorce” For additional context, please see the note on “send away” in verse 8.  The Hebrew divorce procedure is found in Deuteronomy 24:1 and had three parts: 1) write a divorce certificate. 2) Give it to your wife. 3) Send her away from your house.  However, if a man “sent her away” (kicked her out of his house) without a divorce certificate, in that culture she was destitute.  She was still legally married because she didn’t have a divorce certificate, so she couldn’t marry anyone else without being an adulteress.  Often, her only resort to feed herself was prostitution.  At that time, there was a debate as to whether this was lawful under the Mosaic Law.  — except because of sexual immorality — and marries another woman of the same kind^fn“another woman of the same kind” is one word in Greek, with that exact definition.  The “of the same kind” part likely refers to a woman who is merely “sent away” and not properly divorced with a certificate of divorce. is guilty of sex with another man’s wife.^fn“is guilty of sex with another man’s wife” is one word in the Greek, typically translated “commits adultery”. However, the Greek word (and Hebrew too) is more limited in scope than our English word adultery. In English, “adultery” means illicit sex between a married person – man or woman – and someone who isn’t their spouse. In Greek (and Hebrew also), it meant “a man having sex with another man’s wife”. A married man having sex with an unmarried woman was still a serious sin, but the not the specific sin of adultery. [And the man who marries the woman who has been sent away without a certificate of divorce is guilty of sex with another man’s wife.]^fnThis textual variant is essentially identical to Mathew 5:32.  There is debate over whether it was copied over from that verse, or Matthew wrote it in both places.
10. His disciples say to Him: “If the accusation^fn“accusation”, the Greek word here is usually used in the judicial sense of an accusation of a crime.  This same word is used in verse 3. against a man with a wife is like this, it’s better not to marry.”
11. And He told them: “Not all receive this word, but only those to whom it has been given.
12. For there are eunuchs who were born that way from their mother’s womb.  And there are eunuchs who were made into eunuchs by men.  And there are eunuchs^fn“eunuchs”, the Greek word for eunuch literally means “alone in bed”, and can refer either to a man who is castrated, or to one who voluntarily abstains from marriage and sex. who made themselves eunuchs for the sake of the kingdom of the heavens. The man able to receive this, let him receive it.

Let the Children Come

13. Then some young children were brought to Him so He might lay hands on them and pray, but the disciples scolded them.
14. But Jesus said: “Allow the young children, and don’t forbid them to come to Me, for the kingdom of the heavens is of such a kind.
15. And having laid hands on them, He departed from there.

The Rich Young Man

16. And behold, having approached Him, one man said: “Teacher, what good thing should I do so that I might have the life of ages?^fn“life of ages” is literal, and captures the duration as well as the quality of the life, which the traditional interpretation of “eternal life” doesn’t.  The word translated “ages” (αἰώνιον) is the adjective form of the Greek word “αἰών” (aion), which is used – for example – in Matthew 24:3 “what are the signs of your coming and the end of the age?”
17. And He said to him: “Why are you asking Me about what’s good?  Only One is good.  But if you wish to enter into the life, keep the commandments.”
18. He says to Him: “What sort of commandments?”  And Jesus said: “You shall not murder, you shall not have sex with another man’s wife,^fn“have sex with another man’s wife” is one word in the Greek, typically translated “commit adultery”. However, the Greek word (and Hebrew too) is more limited in scope than our English word adultery. In English, “adultery” means illicit sex between a married person – man or woman – and someone who isn’t their spouse. In Greek (and Hebrew also), it meant “a man having sex with another man’s wife”. A married man having sex with an unmarried woman was typically called fornication or sexual immorality. you shall not steal, you shall not commit perjury.^fnquotation/allusion to Exodus 20:13-16
19. “honor your father and mother,^fnquotation/allusion to Exodus 20:12 and you shall ^love your neighbor as yourself.”^fnquotation/allusion to Leviticus 19:18
20. The young man says to Him: “I vigilantly observed all of these, what do I still lack?”
21. Jesus was declaring to him: “If you desire to be perfect, go, sell the things you’re possessing, and give the money to the poor, and you will have stored-up treasure in the heavens, and come follow Me.
22. But having heard this word, the young man departed grieving, for he was a man having many properties.^fn“properties” the Greek word here can refer to possessions, but more properly refers to land or real estate with buildings.
23. And Jesus told His disciples: “Amen I tell you: A rich man will enter into the kingdom of the heavens with difficulty.
24. “And again I tell you: It’s easier for a camel^fn“camel”.  The Greek word for camel is almost identical to the Greek word for a rope. (“καμιλου vs. καμήλου”) Some contest that Jesus said “rope”.  However, there’s very little manuscript evidence for this and all of them are 9th century or later.  Others contest that Jesus was referring to a small gate – called a “eye of the needle” gate – in Jerusalem that was only large enough for an unladen camel to pass through.  The story goes, these smaller gates allowed entrance after dark when the main gates closed, but it was difficult because you had to unpack the camel before it could fit through the tiny “needle gate”.  However, there is no historical evidence for this and the story only dates to the 9th century at the earliest. to pass through the eye of a needle than for a rich man to enter into the kingdom of God.”
25. And having heard this, the disciples were incredibly stunned, saying: “Then who’s able to be saved?”
26. And having scrutinized them, Jesus said to them: “This is impossible with men: but all things are possible with God.”
27. Then answering, Peter said to Him: “Look, we left everything^fn“everything” is literally “all things“ and followed you.  Therefore, what will our reward be?”
28. And Jesus said to them: “Amen I tell you: in the renewal when the Son of Man sits down on His glorious throne, you men who followed Me, you will also sit on twelve thrones judging the twelve tribes of Israel.
29. “And every man who left houses, or brothers, or sisters, or father, or mother, [or wife,] or children, or lands, for My name’s sake will receive a hundredfold and will inherit the life of ages.”^fn“life of ages” is literal, and captures the duration as well as the quality of the life, which the traditional interpretation of “eternal life” doesn’t.  The word translated “ages” (αἰώνιον) is the adjective form of the Greek word “αἰών” (aion), which is used – for example – in Matthew 24:3 “what are the signs of your coming and the end of the age?”  Virtually all lexicons define αἰών (the noun form) as “age”, but some want to change the adjective form’s meaning to “eternal” instead of “age-long” or “of ages”.  This despite “of ages” conveying a similar – and more literally accurate – meaning.
30. “But many who are first will be last; and the last, first.